Taxation
Taxation
To tax (from the Latin taxo; "I estimate") is to impose a financial charge or other levy upon a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity) by a state or the functional equivalent of a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law.
Taxes are also imposed by many subnational entities. Taxes consist of direct tax or indirect tax, and may be paid in money or as its labour equivalent (often but not always unpaid labour). A tax may be defined as a "pecuniary burden laid upon individuals or property owners to support the government [...] a payment exacted by legislative authority." A tax "is not a voluntary payment or donation, but an enforced contribution, exacted pursuant to legislative authority" and is "any contribution imposed by government [...] whether under the name of toll, tribute, tallage, gabel, impost, duty, custom, excise, subsidy, aid, supply, or other name."
The legal definition and the economic definition of taxes differ in that economists do not consider many transfers to governments to be taxes. For example, some transfers to the public sector are comparable to prices. Examples include tuition at public universities and fees for utilities provided by local governments. Governments also obtain resources by creating money (e.g., printing bills and minting coins), through voluntary gifts (e.g., contributions to public universities and museums), by imposing penalties (e.g., traffic fines), by borrowing, and by confiscating wealth. From the view of economists, a tax is a non-penal, yet compulsory transfer of resources from the private to the public sector levied on a basis of predetermined criteria and without reference to specific benefit received.
In modern taxation systems, taxes are levied in money; but, in-kind and corvée taxation are characteristic of traditional or pre-capitalist states and their functional equivalents. The method of taxation and the government expenditure of taxes raised is often highly debated in politics and economics. Tax collection is performed by a government agency such as Canada Revenue Agency, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States, or Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC) in the UK. When taxes are not fully paid, civil penalties (such as fines or forfeiture) or criminal penalties (such as incarceration) may be imposed on the non-paying entity or individual.
Matching Taxation Colleges
Name |
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Golden Gate University-San Francisco
Four or more years; Private not for profit; $13,920 average out-state tuition; $13,920 average in-state tuition |
Bentley University
Four or more years; Private not for profit; $36,840 average out-state tuition; $36,840 average in-state tuition |
University of Southern California
Four or more years; Private not for profit; $42,162 average out-state tuition; $42,162 average in-state tuition |
CUNY Bernard M Baruch College
Four or more years; Public; $11,040 average out-state tuition; $5,130 average in-state tuition |
St John's University-New York
Four or more years; Private not for profit; $33,235 average out-state tuition; $33,235 average in-state tuition |
Fordham University
Four or more years; Private not for profit; $39,235 average out-state tuition; $39,235 average in-state tuition |
Villanova University
Four or more years; Private not for profit; $40,530 average out-state tuition; $40,530 average in-state tuition |
Taxation Scholarships
Name | Amount | Deadline |
---|---|---|
Chicago JBF Eats Week Scholarship | $11,300 | May 15, 2018 |
Bern Laxer Memorial Scholarship | $11,150 | May 15, 2018 |
Robert Mondavi Winery Memorial Scholarship | $10,000 | May 15, 2018 |
NEWH Leadership Scholarship | $10,000 | July 11, 2018 |
Fabric Innovations Legacy Scholarship | $10,000 | July 11, 2018 |
Chef Charlie Trotter Scholarship | $9,000 | May 04, 2018 |
Steven Scher Memorial Scholarship for Aspiring Restaurateurs | $8,000 | May 15, 2018 |
Chef Homaro Cantu Scholarship | $5,000 | May 04, 2018 |
NEWH Women Leaders Scholarship | $5,000 | July 11, 2018 |
ICA Scholarship | $3,000 | April 27, 2018 |
Taxation Related Majors
- Business Administration and Management
- Accounting
- Business/Commerce
- Finance
- Marketing/Marketing Management
- Management Information Systems
- Human Resources Management/Personnel Administration
- International Business/Trade/Commerce
- Hospitality Administration/Management
- Accounting Technician and Bookkeeper
- Administrative Assistant and Secretarial Science
- Fashion Merchandising
- Organizational Behavior Studies
- Business/Managerial Economics
- Office Management and Supervision
- Operations Management and Supervision
- Accounting and Business/Management
- Management Science
- Hotel/Motel Administration/Management
- Logistics and Materials Management