Linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and it involves an analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context. The earliest activities in the documentation and description of language have been attributed to the 6th century BC Indian grammarian Pāṇini who wrote a formal description of the Sanskrit language in his Aṣṭādhyāyī.

Linguists traditionally analyse human language by observing an interplay between sound and meaning. Phonetics is the study of speech and non-speech sounds, and delves into their acoustic and articulatory properties. The study of language meaning, on the other hand, deals with how languages encode relations between entities, properties, and other aspects of the world to convey, process, and assign meaning, as well as manage and resolve ambiguity. While the study of semantics typically concerns itself with truth conditions, pragmatics deals with how situational context influences the production of meaning.

Grammar is a system of rules which governs the production and use of utterances in a given language. These rules apply to sound as well as meaning, and include componential subsets of rules, such as those pertaining to phonology (the organisation of phonetic sound systems), morphology (the formation and composition of words), and syntax (the formation and composition of phrases and sentences). Modern theories that deal with the principles of grammar are largely based within Noam Chomsky's framework of generative linguistics.

In the early 20th century, Ferdinand de Saussure distinguished between the notions of langue and parole in his formulation of structural linguistics. According to him, parole is the specific utterance of speech, whereas langue refers to an abstract phenomenon that theoretically defines the principles and system of rules that govern a language. This distinction resembles the one made by Noam Chomsky between competence and performance in his theory of transformative or generative grammar. According to Chomsky, competence is an individual's innate capacity and potential for language (like in Saussure's langue), while performance is the specific way in which it is used by individuals, groups, and communities (i.e., parole, in Saussurean terms).

The study of parole (which manifests through cultural discourses and dialects) is the domain of sociolinguistics, the sub-discipline that comprises the study of a complex system of linguistic facets within a certain speech community (governed by its own set of grammatical rules and laws). Discourse analysis further examines the structure of texts and conversations emerging out of a speech community's usage of language. This is done through the collection of linguistic data, or through the formal discipline of corpus linguistics, which takes naturally occurring texts and studies the variation of grammatical and other features based on such corpora (or corpus data).

Stylistics also involves the study of written, signed, or spoken discourse through varying speech communities, genres, and editorial or narrative formats in the mass media. In the 1960s, Jacques Derrida, for instance, further distinguished between speech and writing, by proposing that written language be studied as a linguistic medium of communication in itself. Palaeography is therefore the discipline that studies the evolution of written scripts (as signs and symbols) in language. The formal study of language also led to the growth of fields like psycholinguistics, which explores the representation and function of language in the mind; neurolinguistics, which studies language processing in the brain; biolinguistics, which studies the biology and evolution of language; and language acquisition, which investigates how children and adults acquire the knowledge of one or more languages.

Linguistics also deals with the social, cultural, historical and political factors that influence language, through which linguistic and language-based context is often determined. Research on language through the sub-branches of historical and evolutionary linguistics also focus on how languages change and grow, particularly over an extended period of time.

Language documentation combines anthropological inquiry (into the history and culture of language) with linguistic inquiry, in order to describe languages and their grammars. Lexicography involves the documentation of words that form a vocabulary. Such a documentation of a linguistic vocabulary from a particular language is usually compiled in a dictionary. Computational linguistics is concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective. Specific knowledge of language is applied by speakers during the act of translation and interpretation, as well as in language education – the teaching of a second or foreign language. Policy makers work with governments to implement new plans in education and teaching which are based on linguistic research.

Related areas of study also includes the disciplines of semiotics (the study of direct and indirect language through signs and symbols), literary criticism (the historical and ideological analysis of literature, cinema, art, or published material), translation (the conversion and documentation of meaning in written/spoken text from one language or dialect onto another), and speech-language pathology (a corrective method to cure phonetic disabilities and dis-functions at the cognitive level).

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Matching Linguistics Colleges

University of California-Santa Barbara

Four or more years; Public; $41,196 average out-state tuition; $11,442 average in-state tuition

University of California-San Diego

Four or more years; Public; $41,196 average out-state tuition; $11,442 average in-state tuition

Montclair State University

Four or more years; Public; $20,443 average out-state tuition; $12,323 average in-state tuition

Ohio State University-Main Campus

Four or more years; Public; $34,101 average out-state tuition; $11,018 average in-state tuition

Brigham Young University

Four or more years; Private not for profit; $6,120 average out-state tuition; $6,120 average in-state tuition

The University of Texas at Austin

Four or more years; Public; $40,996 average out-state tuition; $11,752 average in-state tuition

University of Washington-Seattle Campus

Four or more years; Public; $38,757 average out-state tuition; $10,927 average in-state tuition

Scholarships for Linguistics Majors

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Beinecke Scholarship - Dartmouth College

Dartmouth College

$34,000 Varies See Details
 

Beinecke Scholarship - Dartmouth College

Dartmouth College

award

$34,000

deadline

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U.S. Department of Education Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) Fellowship

U.S. Department of Education

Up to $20,000 Varies See Details
 

U.S. Department of Education Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) Fellowship

U.S. Department of Education

award

Up to $20,000

deadline

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Penner Family Experiences Award

Georgetown University

Up to $4,000 April 09, 2024 See Details
 

Penner Family Experiences Award

Georgetown University

award

Up to $4,000

deadline

April 09, 2024
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Holzbock Humanities Scholarship

Oakland University

$3,000 Varies See Details
 

Holzbock Humanities Scholarship

Oakland University

award

$3,000

deadline

Varies
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Myrna Lee Sprengler Memorial Scholarship

University of Iowa, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences

$2,500 Varies See Details
 

Myrna Lee Sprengler Memorial Scholarship

University of Iowa, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences

award

$2,500

deadline

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Dring Language Fellowship

Yampa Valley Community Foundation

Up to $2,500 March 27, 2024 See Details
 

Dring Language Fellowship

Yampa Valley Community Foundation

award

Up to $2,500

deadline

March 27, 2024
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William and Effa McMeans Scholarship

University of Iowa, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences

$2,000 Varies See Details
 

William and Effa McMeans Scholarship

University of Iowa, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences

award

$2,000

deadline

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Edward Prichett Scholarship

University of Iowa, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences

Up to $2,000 Varies See Details
 

Edward Prichett Scholarship

University of Iowa, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences

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Up to $2,000

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Arts and Science Alumni Affiliate Scholarship - Oakland University

Oakland University

$2,000 Varies See Details
 

Arts and Science Alumni Affiliate Scholarship - Oakland University

Oakland University

award

$2,000

deadline

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Michael Hodge Memorial Scholarship

Galveston College

$1,000 Varies See Details
 

Michael Hodge Memorial Scholarship

Galveston College

award

$1,000

deadline

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